Desflurane

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation, a general anesthetic, is an inhalation agent indicated: for induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia in adults ( 1.1 ) for maintenance of anesthesia in pediatric patients following induction with agents other than Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation and intubation. 1.1 Induction of Anesthesia Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is indicated as an inhalation agent for induction of anesthesia for inpatient and outpatient surgery in adults. Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is contraindicated as an inhalation agent for the induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients because of a high incidence of moderate to severe upper airway adverse events. 1.2 Maintenance of Anesthesia Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is indicated as an inhalation agent for maintenance of anesthesia for inpatient and outpatient surgery in adults and in pediatric patients. After induction of anesthesia with agents other than Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation, and tracheal intubation, Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is indicated for maintenance of anesthesia in infants and children. Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is not approved for maintenance of anesthesia in non-intubated children due to an increased incidence of respiratory adverse reactions, including coughing, laryngospasm, and secretions [See Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Clinical Studies (14.5) ] .

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Changes in the clinical effects of desflurane rapidly follow changes in the inspired concentration. The duration of anesthesia and selected recovery measures for desflurane are given in the following tables: In 178 female outpatients undergoing laparoscopy, premedicated with fentanyl (1.5 mcg/kg to 2 mcg/kg), anesthesia was initiated with propofol 2.5 mg/kg, desflurane/N 2 O 60% in O 2 or desflurane/O 2 alone. Anesthesia was maintained with either propofol 1.5 mg/kg/hr to 9 mg/kg/hr, desflurane 2.6% to 8.4% in N 2 O 60% in O 2 , or desflurane 3.1% to 8.9% in O 2 . Emergence and Recovery After Outpatient Laparoscopy 178 Females, Ages 20 to 47 Times in Minutes: Mean ± SD (Range) Induction: Propofol Propofol Desflurane/N 2 O Desflurane/O 2 Maintenance: Propofol/N 2 O Desflurane/N 2 O Desflurane/N 2 O Desflurane/O 2 Number of Pts: N = 48 N = 44 N = 43 N = 43 Median age 30 (20 to 43) 26 (21 to 47) 29 (21 to 42) 30 (20 to 40) Anesthetic time 49 ± 53 (8 to 336) 45 ± 35 (11 to 178) 44 ± 29 (14 to 149) 41 ± 26 (19 to 126) Time to open eyes 7 ± 3 (2 to 19) 5 ± 2 Differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) by Dunnett’s procedure comparing all treatments to the propofol-propofol/N 2O (induction and maintenance) group. Results for comparisons greater than one hour after anesthesia show no differences between groups and considerable variability within groups. (2 to 10) 5 ± 2 (2 to 12) 4 ± 2 (1 to 11) Time to state name 9 ± 4 (4 to 22) 8 ± 3 (3 to 18) 7 ± 3 (3 to 16) 7 ± 3 (2 to 15) Time to stand 80 ± 34 (40 to 200) 86 ± 55 (30 to 320) 81 ± 38 (35 to 190) 77 ± 38 (35 to 200) Time to walk 110 ± 6 (47 to 285) 122 ± 85 (37 to 375) 108 ± 59 (48 to 220) 108 ± 66 (49 to 250) Time to fit for discharge 152 ± 75 (66 to 375) 157 ± 80 (73 to 385) 150 ± 66 (68 to 310) 155 ± 73 (69 to 325) In 88 unpremedicated outpatients, anesthesia was initiated with thiopental 3mg/kg to 9 mg/kg or desflurane in O 2 . Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 0.7% to 1.4% in N 2 O 60%, desflurane 1.8% to 7.7% in N 2 O 60%, or desflurane 4.4% to 11.9% in O 2 . Emergence and Recovery Times in Outpatient Surgery 46 Males, 42 Females, Ages 19 to 70 Times in Minutes: Mean ± SD (Range) Induction: Thiopental Thiopental Thiopental Desflurane/O 2 Maintenance: Isoflurane/N 2 O Desflurane/N 2 O Desflurane/O 2 Desflurane/O 2 Number of Pts: N = 23 N = 21 N = 23 N = 21 Median age 43 (20 to 70) 40 (22 to 67) 43 (19 to 70) 41 (21 to 64) Anesthetic time 49 ± 23 (11 to 94) 50 ± 19 (16 to 80) 50 ± 27 (16 to 113) 51 ± 23 (19 to 117) Time to open eyes 13 ± 7 (5 to 33) 9 ± 3 Differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) by Dunnett’s procedure comparing all treatments to the thiopental-isoflurane/N 2O (induction and maintenance) group. Results for comparisons greater than one hour after anesthesia show no differences between groups and considerable variability within groups. (4 to 16) 12 ± 8 (4 to 39) 8 ± 2 (4 to 13) Time to state name 17 ± 10 (6

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Only persons trained in the administration of general anesthesia should administer Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation. Only a vaporizer specifically designed and designated for use with desflurane should be utilized for its administration. Facilities for maintenance of a patent airway, artificial ventilation, oxygen enrichment, and circulatory resuscitation must be immediately available. Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is administered by inhalation. The administration of general anesthesia must be individualized based on the patient’s response. Hypotension and respiratory depression increase as anesthesia with Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is deepened. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation decreases with increasing patient age. The MAC for Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is also reduced by concomitant N 2 O administration (See Table 1 ) . The dose should be adjusted accordingly. The following table provides mean relative potency based upon age and effect of N 2 O in predominately ASA physical status I or II patients. Benzodiazepines and opioids decrease the MAC of Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation [See Drug Interactions (7.1, Table 3) ] . Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation also decreases the doses of neuromuscular blocking agents required [See Drug Interactions (7.2, Table 4) ] . The dose should be adjusted accordingly. Table 1 Effect of Age on Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Desflurane Mean ± SD (percent atmospheres) Age N O 2 100% N N 2 O 60%/40% O 2 2 weeks 6 9.2 ± 0 - - 10 weeks 5 9.4 ± 0.4 - - 9 months 4 10 ± 0.7 5 7.5 ± 0.8 2 years 3 9.1 ± 0.6 - - 3 years - - 5 6.4 ± 0.4 4 years 4 8.6 ± 0.6 - - 7 years 5 8.1 ± 0.6 - - 25 years 4 7.3 ± 0 4 4 ± 0.3 45 years 4 6 ± 0.3 6 2.8 ± 0.6 70 years 6 5.2 ± 0.6 6 1.7 ± 0.4 N = number of crossover pairs (using up-and-down method of quantal response) Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation should be administered only by persons trained in the administration of general anesthesia. It should only be administered using a vaporizer specifically designed and designated for use with desflurane. ( 2 ) The administration of general anesthesia must be individualized based on the patient’s response, including cardiovascular and pulmonary changes. ( 2 ) Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation should not be used as the sole agent for anesthetic induction in patients with coronary artery disease or where increases in heart rate or blood pressure are undesirable. ( 2.6 ) For dosing considerations in patients with intracranial space occupying lesions, see Full Prescribing Information. ( 2.7 ) 2.1 Preanesthetic Medication Issues such as whether or not to premedicate and the choice of premedication(s) must be individualized. In clinical studies, patients scheduled to be anesthetized with Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation frequently received IV preanesthetic medication, such as opioid and/or benzodiazepine. 2.2 Induction In adults, some premedicated with opioid, a frequent starting concentration was 3% Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation, increased in 0.5% to 1% increments every 2 to 3 breaths. End-tidal concentrations of 4% to 11%, Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation with and without N 2 O, produced anesthesia within 2 minutes to 4 minutes. When Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation was tested as the primary anesthetic induction agent, the incidence of upper airway irritation (apnea, breathholding, laryngospasm, coughing and secretions) was high. During induction in adults, the overall incidence of oxyhemoglobin desaturation (SpO 2 < 90%) was 6% [ See Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. After induction in adults with an intravenous drug such as thiopental or propofol, Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation can be started at approximately 0.5 to 1 MAC, whether the carrier gas is O 2 or N 2 O/O 2 . Inspired concentrations of Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation greater than 12% have been safel

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions (incidence>10%) are coughing, breath holding, apnea, nausea, vomiting. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sandoz Inc. at 1-800-525-8747 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adverse event information is derived from controlled clinical trials, the majority of which were conducted in the United States. The studies were conducted using a variety of premedications, other anesthetics, and surgical procedures of varying length. Most adverse events reported were mild and transient, and may reflect the surgical procedures, patient characteristics (including disease) and/or medications administered. Of the 2,143 patients exposed to desflurane in clinical trials, 370 adults and 152 children were induced with desflurane alone and 987 patients were maintained principally with desflurane. The frequencies given reflect the percent of patients with the event. Each patient was counted once for each type of adverse event. They are presented in alphabetical order according to body system. Table 2 Frequency of Events Occurring in Greater Than 1% of Clinical Trial Patients (in Reports Deemed “Probably Causally Related”) Induction (use as a mask inhalation agent) Adult Patients (N=370): Coughing 34%, breathholding 30%, apnea 15%, increased secretions Incidence of events 3% to 10% , laryngospasm , oxyhemoglobin desaturation (SpO 2 < 90%) , pharyngitis . Maintenance or Recovery Adult and Intubated Pediatric Patients (N=687): Body as a Whole Headache Cardiovascular Bradycardia, hypertension, nodal arrhythmia, tachycardia Digestive Nausea 27%, vomiting 16% Nervous system Increased salivation Respiratory Apnea , breathholding, cough increased , laryngospasm , pharyngitis Special Senses Conjunctivitis (conjunctival hyperemia) Frequency of Events Occurring in Less Than 1% of Patients (in Reports Deemed “Probably Causally Related”) Reported in 3 or more patients, regardless of severity Adverse reactions reported only from postmarketing experience or in the literature, not seen in clinical trials, are considered rare and are italicized. Cardiovascular Arrhythmia, bigeminy, abnormal electrocardiogram, myocardial ischemia, vasodilation Digestive Hepatitis Nervous System Agitation, dizziness Respiratory Asthma, dyspnea, hypoxia Frequency of Events Occurring in Less Than 1% of Clinical Trial Patients (in Reports Deemed “Causal Relationship Unknown”) Reported in 3 or more patients, regardless of severity Body as a Whole Fever Cardiovascular Hemorrhage, myocardial infarction Metabolic and Nutrition Increased creatinine phosphokinase Musculoskeletal System Myalgia Skin and Appendages Pruritus 6.2 Post-Marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of desflurane. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders : Coagulopathy Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders : Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis Nervous System Disorders : Convulsion, Post-operative agitation in children Eye Disorders: Ocular icterus Cardiac Disorders: Cardiac arrest, QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes, ventricular failure, ventricular hypokinesia, atrial fibrillation Vascular Disorders: Malignant hypertension, hemorrhage, hypotension, shock Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: Respiratory arrest, respiratory failure, respiratory distress, bronchospasm, hemoptysis Gastrointestinal Disorders : Pancreatitis acute, abdominal pain Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatic failure, hepati

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Malignant Hyperthermia: Malignant hyperthermia may occur, especially in individuals with known or suspected susceptibility based on genetic factors or family history. Discontinue triggering agents, administer intravenous dantrolene sodium, and apply supportive therapies. ( 5.1 ) Perioperative Hyperkalemia: Perioperative hyperkalemia may occur. Patients with latent or overt neuromuscular disease, particularly with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, appear to be most vulnerable. Early, aggressive intervention is recommended. ( 5.2 ) Respiratory Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients: - Not approved for maintenance of anesthesia in non-intubated children due to an increased incidence of respiratory adverse reactions. Monitor and treat accordingly. ( 5.3 ) - May cause airway narrowing and increased airway resistance in children with asthma or a history of recent upper airway infection. Monitor and treat accordingly.( 5.3 ) QTc Prolongation: Carefully monitor cardiac rhythm when administering desflurane to susceptible patients. ( 5.4 ) Interactions with Desiccated Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Absorbents: May react with desiccated CO 2 absorbents to produce carbon monoxide. Replace desiccated CO 2 absorbent before administration of desflurane. ( 5.5 ) Hepatobiliary Disorders: May cause sensitivity hepatitis in patients sensitized by previous exposure to halogenated anesthetics. Approach repeated anesthesia with caution ( 5.6 ) Pediatric Neurotoxicity: In developing animals, exposures greater than 3 hours cause neurotoxicity. Weigh benefits against potential risks when considering elective procedures in children under 3 years old. ( 5.7 ) Postoperative Agitation in Children: May cause postoperative agitation during emergence from anesthesia in children. ( 5.9 ) 5.1 Malignant Hyperthermia In susceptible individuals, volatile anesthetic agents, including desflurane, may trigger malignant hyperthermia, a skeletal muscle hypermetabolic state leading to high oxygen demand. Fatal outcomes of malignant hyperthermia have been reported. The risk of developing malignant hyperthermia increases with the concomitant administration of succinylcholine and volatile anesthetic agents. Desflurane can induce malignant hyperthermia in patients with known or suspected susceptibility based on genetic factors or family history, including those with certain inherited ryanodine receptor ( RYR1 ) or dihydropyridine receptor ( CACNA1S ) variants [See Contraindications (4), Clinical Pharmacology (12.5)] . Signs consistent with malignant hyperthermia may include hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, muscle rigidity (e.g., jaw muscle spasm), tachycardia (e.g., particularly that unresponsive to deepening anesthesia or analgesic medication administration), tachypnea, cyanosis, arrhythmias, hypovolemia, and hemodynamic instability. Skin mottling, coagulopathies, and renal failure may occur later in the course of the hypermetabolic process. Successful treatment of malignant hyperthermia depends on early recognition of the clinical signs. If malignant hyperthermia is suspected, discontinue all triggering agents (i.e., volatile anesthetic agents and succinylcholine), administer intravenous dantrolene sodium, and initiate supportive therapies. Consult prescribing information for intravenous dantrolene sodium for additional information on patient management. Supportive therapies include administration of supplemental oxygen and respiratory support based on clinical need, maintenance of hemodynamic stability and adequate urinary output, management of fluid and electrolyte balance, correction of acid base derangements, and institution of measures to control rising temperature. 5.2 Perioperative Hyperkalemia Use of inhaled anesthetic agents has been associated with rare increases in serum potassium levels that have resulted in cardiac arrhythmias and death in pediatric patients during the postoperative period. Patients with latent as well as overt neuromuscula

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS The use of Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation is contraindicated in the following conditions: Known or suspected genetic susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia [See Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.5)] . Patients in whom general anesthesia is contraindicated. Induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients. Patients with known sensitivity to Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation or to other halogenated agents [See Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Patients with a history of moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction following anesthesia with Desflurane, USP, Liquid for Inhalation or other halogenated agents and not otherwise explained [See Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Patients with known or suspected genetic susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia ( 4 ) Patients in whom general anesthesia is contraindicated ( 4 ) Induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients ( 4 ) Patients with known sensitivity to halogenated agents ( 4 ) Patients with a history of moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction following anesthesia with halogenated agents and not otherwise explained. ( 4 )

10 OVERDOSAGE The symptoms of overdosage of desflurane can present as a deepening of anesthesia, cardiac and/or respiratory depression in spontaneously breathing patients, and cardiac depression in ventilated patients in whom hypercapnia and hypoxia may occur only at a late stage. In the event of overdosage, or suspected overdosage, take the following actions: discontinue administration of desflurane, maintain a patent airway, initiate assisted or controlled ventilation with oxygen, and maintain adequate cardiovascular function.